IIR 2nd order sampled Lowpass filter,
Bilinear approximation.
Cuthbert Nyack
The sampled "equivalent" of a second order Butterworth filter derived by
use of the bilinear approximation is shown in the applets below. The
Butterworth filter has an upper 3dB frequency of 1rad/s. The
first applet shows the filter response on a log-log scale. The vertical
scale for amplitude is in dB and is shown in the scrollbar label as dB/Vdiv. Horizontal
scale is in rad/s and goes to a maximum of 2xsampling frequency. Only
the range up tp ½ of the sampling frequency is important but the
rest is included to show the periodicity of the response. Because of the
log scale, the higher periods are greatly "compressed". If the /Hdiv is
"a" then the horizontal scale goes from a-1 to a3
rad/s. For phase the vertical scale is from -pi to pi/3. The response
goes to zero at half of the sampling frequency because of the zeros at
Z = - 1.
In both applets red shows the sampled filter
response, orange shows the analog filter
response, green shows the sampled filter phase
and cyan shows the analog filter phase.
magenta shows the ideal filter response.
The applet below shows the response on a linear scale which gives a
better view of what happens at low sampling frequencies.
In applet below vertical scale is from 0 to 4/3 and horizontal scale is
from 0 to 4rad/s.
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COPYRIGHT © 1999 Cuthbert A. Nyack.